Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”). The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of continuity of operations, realization of assets, and the satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. Unless otherwise indicated, all amounts in the following tables are in thousands except share and per share amounts.
Principles of Consolidation	Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Avalo Therapeutics, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries after elimination of all intercompany balances and transactions.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, including estimates related to but not limited to, revenue recognition, cost of product sales, stock-based compensation, fair value measurements, the valuation of derivative liabilities, cash flows used in management's going concern assessment, income taxes, goodwill, and clinical trial accruals. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and other market‑specific or other relevant assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from those estimates or assumptions.
Cash and Cash Equivalents	Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents are valued at cost, which approximates their fair value.
Restricted Cash	Restricted Cash Restricted cash consists of the 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) deposits, credit card deposits, and security deposits for our leased corporate offices.
Accounts Receivable, net	Accounts Receivable, net The Company had one commercialized product, Millipred®, an oral prednisolone indicated across a wide variety of inflammatory conditions. The license and supply agreement for the Millipred® product expired on September 30, 2023. Accounts receivable, net is historically comprised of amounts due from customers in the ordinary course of business. Accounts receivable are written off to net revenue when deemed uncollectible and recoveries of receivables previously written off are recorded when received. Accounts receivable are considered to be past due if any portion of the receivable balance is outstanding for more than the payment terms negotiated with the customer. The Company generally negotiates payment terms of 60 days. The Company offers wholesale distributors a prompt payment discount, which is typically 2% as an incentive to remit payment within this timeframe. Accounts receivable are stated net of the estimated prompt pay discount.
Deferred Revenue, Product Revenues, net, Returns and Allowances, License and Other Revenue and Cost of Product sales	Deferred Revenue The Company’s commercial operations were managed by a third-party logistics provider. Our third-party logistics provider purchased Millipred® from us and subsequently delivered the product to our customers. As discussed below within “Product Revenue, net”, the Company recognized revenue when the performance obligation was satisfied, which was at a point in time when the product had been received by the customer. Deferred revenue was comprised of cash received from our third-party logistics provider related to product that had not yet been delivered to the customer. Product Revenues, net The Company generated its revenue from sales of its prescription drug to its customers. The license and supply agreement for the Millipred® product ended on September 30, 2023, therefore the Company does not expect future gross product revenues until the potential commercialization of its pipeline product candidates. The Company had identified a single product delivery performance obligation, which was the provision of prescription drugs to its customers based upon master service agreements in place with wholesaler distributors. The performance obligation was satisfied at a point in time, when control of the product had been transferred to the customer, which was the time the product had been received by the customer. The Company determined the transaction price based on fixed consideration in its contractual agreements and the transaction price was allocated entirely to the performance obligation to provide the prescription drug. Revenues from sales of products were recorded net of any variable consideration for estimated allowances for returns, chargebacks, distributor fees, prompt payment discounts, government rebates, and other common gross-to-net revenue adjustments. The identified variable consideration was recorded as a reduction of revenue at the time revenues from product sales were recognized. The Company recognized revenue only to the extent that it was probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur in a future period. Provisions for returns and government rebates are included within current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. Provisions for prompt payment discounts and distributor fees are included as a reduction to accounts receivable. Calculating these items involves estimates and judgments based on sales or invoice data, contractual terms, historical utilization rates, new information regarding changes in these programs’ regulations and guidelines that would impact the amount of the actual rebates, Company expectations regarding future utilization rates for these programs, and channel inventory data. These estimates may differ from actual consideration amount received and the Company re-assesses these estimates and judgments each reporting period to adjust accordingly. Returns and Allowances Consistent with industry practice, for its Millipred® product, the Company maintains a return policy that allows customers to return product within a specified period both prior to and, in certain cases, subsequent to the product’s expiration date. The Company’s return policy for sales made prior to August 31, 2021, generally allows for customers to receive credit for expired products within six months prior to expiration and within one year after expiration. The Company’s return policy for sales subsequent to August 31, 2021, generally allows for customers to receive credit for expired products within thirty days prior to expiration and within ninety days after expiration. Based on these policies, product returns will be accepted through November of 2024, however, could be received by the Company later depending on timing of receipt and communication by its third-party logistics provider. The provision for returns and allowances consists of estimates for future product returns and pricing adjustments. The primary factors considered in estimating potential product returns include: •the shelf life or expiration date of each product; •historical levels of expired product returns; •external data with respect to inventory levels in the wholesale distribution channel; •external data with respect to prescription demand for each of the Company’s products; and •the estimated returns liability to be processed by year of sale based on analysis of lot information related to actual historical returns. The license and supply agreement for the Millipred® product ended on September 30, 2023. License and Other Revenue The Company recognizes revenues from collaboration, license or other research or sale arrangements when or as performance obligations are satisfied. For milestone payments, the Company assesses, at contract inception, whether the milestones are considered probable of being achieved. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will occur, the Company will not record revenue until the uncertainty has been resolved. Milestone payments that are contingent upon regulatory approval are not considered probable until the approvals are obtained as it is outside of the control of the Company. If it is probable that significant revenue reversal will not occur, the Company will estimate the milestone payments using the most likely amount method. The Company reassesses the milestones each reporting period to determine the probability of achievement. Cost of Product Sales Cost of product sales is comprised of (i) costs to acquire products sold to customers, (ii) royalty payments the Company is required to pay based on the product’s net profit pursuant to its license and supply agreement, (iii) the value of any write-offs of obsolete or damaged inventory that cannot be sold and (iv) the write-off of receivables that are deemed not probable to be collected. The license and supply agreement for the Millipred® product expired on September 30, 2023.
Derivative liability	Derivative Liability Upon entering into a transaction to sell the Company’s future rights to milestones and royalty payments of previously out-licensed assets, the Company must assess whether the transaction is a derivative under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. The requirements for the sale to be treated as a derivative are as follows: a) one or more underlying; b) one or more notional amounts or payment provisions or both; c) no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a similar response to changes in market factors; and d) net settlement provisions. If the transaction meets the requirements to be treated as a derivative, we estimate the fair value of the derivative liability on the date of issuance. The derivative liability is re-valued each reporting period and any change in the fair value is recorded as a gain or loss in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Concentration of Credit Risk	Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents. The Company maintains a portion of its cash and cash equivalent balances in the form of a money market account with a financial institution that management believes to be creditworthy. The Company has no financial instruments with off‑balance sheet risk of loss.
Leases	Leases The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. If an arrangement contains a lease, the Company performs a lease classification test to determine if the lease is an operating lease or a finance lease. The Company has identified two operating leases, which both serve as administrative office space. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease liabilities are recognized on the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term and are included in other long-term liabilities and other current liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. ROU assets are valued at the initial measurement of the lease liability, plus any indirect costs or rent prepayments, and reduced by any lease incentives and any deferred lease payments. Operating ROU assets are recorded in property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets and are amortized over the lease term. To determine the present value of lease payments on lease commencement, the Company uses the implicit rate when readily determinable, however, as most leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on information available at commencement date. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise that option. Furthermore, the Company has elected the practical expedient to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for the leased property asset class. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease and is included within selling, general and administrative expenses.
Property and Equipment	Property and Equipment Property and equipment consists of computers, office equipment, furniture, ROU assets (discussed above), and leasehold improvements and is recorded at cost. Maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets are expensed to operations as incurred. Property and equipment are depreciated on a straight‑line basis over their estimated useful lives. The Company uses a life of four years for computers and software, and five years for equipment and furniture. For leasehold improvements, depreciation of the asset will begin at the date it is placed in service and the depreciable life of the leasehold improvement is the shorter of the lease term or the improvement’s useful life. The Company uses the lesser of the lease term or ten years for leasehold improvements. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of the disposed asset and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is recognized. Property and equipment are reviewed for impairment as events or changes in circumstances occur indicating that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. If an impairment is deemed to exist, the loss would be calculated based on the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its estimated value.
Acquisitions	Acquisitions For acquisitions that meet the definition of a business under ASC 805, Business Combinations, the Company records the acquisition using the acquisition method of accounting. All of the assets acquired, liabilities assumed, contractual contingencies, and contingent consideration, when applicable, are recorded at fair value at the acquisition date. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. The application of the acquisition method of accounting requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions in the determination of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in order to properly allocate purchase price consideration. For acquisitions that do not meet the definition of a business under ASC 805, the Company accounts for the transaction as an asset acquisition.
Segment Information	Segment Information Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise for which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision‑making group, in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assess performance. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s chief operating decision maker was its Chief Executive Officer. The Chief Executive Officer views the Company’s operations and manages the business as one operating segment. All long‑lived assets of the Company reside in the United States.
Goodwill	Goodwill The Company’s goodwill relates to historical acquisitions that were accounted for as business combinations and represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired when accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit below its carrying amount. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below the operating segment. As standalone discrete and detailed financial information is not available or regularly reviewed below the company-wide level, the Company consists of one reporting unit. Upon disposal of a portion of a reporting unit that constitutes a business, the Company assigns goodwill based on the relative fair values of the portion of the reporting unit being disposed and the portion of the reporting unit remaining. This approach requires a determination of the fair value of both the business to be disposed of and the business (or businesses) within the reporting unit that will be retained.
Notes Payable	Notes Payable Notes payable was recorded on the balance sheet at carrying value, which was the gross balance (inclusive of the final payment fee for the Note (as defined in Note 10)), less the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs. All fees, costs paid to the Lenders (as defined in Note 10) and all direct costs incurred by the Company were recognized as a debt discount and were amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the life of the loan. In 2023, the Company repaid all outstanding principal and interest under the Loan Agreement (as defined in Note 10) and all obligations of the parties under the Loan Agreement were deemed satisfied and terminated. As such, there was no remaining notes payable balance at December 31, 2023.
Research and Development Costs	Research and Development Costs Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. These costs include, but are not limited to, expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations and investigative sites that conduct clinical trials and preclinical studies; the cost of acquiring, developing and manufacturing clinical trial materials; costs associated with preclinical activities and regulatory operations, pharmacovigilance and quality; costs and milestones associated with certain licensing agreements, and employee‑related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock‑based compensation of research and development personnel. Costs for certain development activities, such as clinical trials, are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as patient enrollment, clinical site activations, or information provided to the Company by its vendors, such as clinical research organizations, with respect to their actual costs incurred. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected in the financial statements as prepaid or accrued research and development expense, as the case may be. The Company is a party to license and development agreements for in-licensed research and development assets with third parties. Such agreements often contain future payment obligations such as royalties and milestone payments. The Company recognizes a liability (and related research and development expense) for each milestone if and when such milestone is probable and can be reasonably estimated. As typical in the biotechnology industry, each milestone has its own unique risks that the Company evaluates when determining the probability of achieving each milestone and the probability of success evolves over time as the programs progress and additional information is obtained. The Company considers numerous factors when evaluating whether a given milestone is probable including (but not limited to) the regulatory pathway, development plan, ability to dedicate sufficient funding to reach a given milestone and the probability of success.
Clinical Trial Expense Accruals	Clinical Trial Expense Accruals The Company estimates its expenses resulting from its obligations under contracts with vendors, clinical research organizations and consultants and under clinical site agreements in connection with conducting clinical trials. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations, which vary from contract to contract and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided under such contracts. The Company’s objective is to reflect the appropriate trial expenses in its financial statements by matching those expenses with the period in which services are performed and efforts are expended. The Company accounts for these expenses according to the progress of the trial as measured by subject progression and the timing of various aspects of the trial. The Company determines accrual estimates by taking into account discussions with applicable personnel and outside service providers as to the progress or state of consummation of trials, or the services completed. During the course of a clinical trial, the Company adjusts its clinical expense recognition if actual results differ from its estimates. The Company makes estimates of its accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date based on the facts and circumstances known to it at that time. The Company’s clinical trial accruals are dependent upon the timely and accurate reporting of contract research organizations and other third‑party vendors. Although the Company does not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, its understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed might vary and might result in it reporting amounts that are too high or too low for any particular period.
Stock-Based Compensation	Stock‑Based Compensation The Company applies the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all stock‑based awards made to employees, including employee stock options, in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. For stock options issued to employees and members of the board of directors for their services, the Company estimates the grant date fair value of each option using the Black‑Scholes option pricing model. The use of the Black‑Scholes option pricing model requires management to make assumptions with respect to the expected term of the option, the expected volatility of the common stock consistent with the expected life of the option, risk‑free interest rates and expected dividend yields of the common stock. Additionally, the stock price on the date of grant is utilized in the Black-Scholes option pricing model. For awards subject to service‑based vesting conditions, including those with a graded vesting schedule, the Company recognizes stock‑based compensation expense equal to the grant date fair value of stock options on a straight‑line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting term. Forfeitures are recorded as they are incurred as opposed to being estimated at the time of grant and revised. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. If factors change and different assumptions are used, the Company's stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Deferred tax assets primarily include net operating loss (“NOL”) and tax credit carryforwards, accrued expenses not currently deductible and the cumulative temporary differences related to certain research and patent costs. Certain tax attributes, including NOLs and research and development credit carryforwards, may be subject to an annual limitation under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “IRC”). See Note 13 for further information. The portion of any deferred tax asset for which it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized must then be offset by recording a valuation allowance. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position. The amount for which an exposure exists is measured as the largest amount of benefit determined on a cumulative probability basis that the Company believes is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement of the position. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as income tax expense. As of December 31, 2023, the Company did not believe any material uncertain tax positions were present.
Comprehensive Loss	Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss comprises net loss and other changes in equity that are excluded from net loss. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s net loss was equal to comprehensive loss and, accordingly, no additional disclosure is presented.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements	Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other Topics (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This guidance eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill of a reporting unit to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, a company will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. This new standard was adopted effective January 1, 2023 and will be applied upon any recognition of any future goodwill impairment charge. The adoption of this ASU has not had a material impact on our financial statements.